Category Archives: Workforce

How the Health T Level can help the NHS and social care address their workforce crisis and support inclusive growth

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Professor Richard Griffin, MBE is Visiting Professor of Healthcare Management at King’s Business School. Today sees the publication of his report for The Gatsby Charitable Foundation: Inspiring the next generation: T-levels and health and social care workforce planning and progression (PDF). (640 words)

Both the NHS and social care face severe and enduring shortages of staff. Fit for the Future: The NHS 10 Year Plan for England published last year, highlighted the need for the NHS to build local, sustainable workforce pipelines and to recruit more people from the communities the NHS serves.

Recent research by King’s College London, funded by The Gatsby Charitable Foundation, suggests that T Levels – technical qualifications largely delivered by Further Education colleges – offer a route to support both objectives, alongside delivering wider benefits.

First introduced in 2020, T Levels are two-year technical qualifications for 16–19-year-olds, equivalent to three A Levels and including an industry placement. The T Level in Health launched in 2021 and is now the second most popular route, with almost 4,000 students in 2025. Continue reading →

New research shows how better pay and training could rescue social care in England

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Republished from the LSE Business Review Blog (12 October 2025).

Low pay, job insecurity and post-Brexit recruitment challenges are plaguing the adult social care sector in England. With rising demand and chronic underfunding, work conditions are only getting worse. Andreas Georgiadis and Andreas Kornelakis suggest ways to improve the situation, including better pay and training.

Adult social care suffers from a long-standing “workforce crisis” in England. Recent reports from industry bodies highlight the challenges to the sector’s workers and their ability to offer high quality care. Staff in social and health care are overworked, exhausted and stressed, sometimes to the point of becoming ill, leading to absenteeism or quitting altogether.

Increased workloads and time pressures arise partly due to increased demand for services by a rapidly ageing population. At the same time, over half of adult care providers said they faced challenges recruiting new staff; 31 per cent struggled to retain employees. Difficulties in recruitment and retention intensified after Brexit, as the sector relied heavily on migrant workers.

It is widely known that adult care is one of the lowest paying jobs in the UK. Forty-three per cent of all adult social care workers in England are paid below the real living wage. It will continue to be challenging for care providers to retain pay differentials between those on the wage floor and those with more experience and qualifications. But pay levels are not the only challenge for care workers, as they also face problems of job insecurity and unpaid overtime.

For example, most of those who do home visits are not compensated for the time they spend travelling to homes, which can make up to a fifth of their working day. The use of contingent contracts in social care may deliver some cost savings for providers, but has the drawbacks of job insecurity for workers, and concerns about service quality. Continue reading →

At HSR 2025: On new roles in UK health and social care

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Antonina SemkinaDr Antonina Semkina is Research Associate at the NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce, King’s College London. Antonina brought together contributions for this blog from the other presenters at this Health Services Research conference session in Newcastle. (773 words)

One of the core functions of conferences is to allow colleagues to present and discuss work in progress. Here we share the results of a fruitful session where colleagues researching the introduction of new roles in health and social care saw many important parallels that will help them in developing and sharpening their analysis.

On the 2 and 3 July 2025 Newcastle University hosted the 18th annual Health Services Research conference. It featured nine thematic streams including Person Centred Care, Workforce, Digital, Social Care and Health Inequalities. Delegates had an opportunity to attend research discussions and Pecha Kucha sessions (short form presentations), workshops (e.g., ‘How do we know if HSR impacts on Policy?’ led by Unit Director Professor Annette Boaz), plenary sessions (e.g., ‘The 2030 workforce: how will innovative research deliver impact’?), meet ups (e.g., for Early career researchers) and to view research posters.

HSR UK 2025 conference poster

One of the research discussion sessions in the Workforce stream featured four presentations related to various new roles being developed in UK health and care services. Unit researcher Dr Antonina Semkina presented on the ‘New Roles in Health and Social Care: What is the nature of new care coordinator roles?’ project that she is conducting as part of the Health and Social Care Workforce Policy Research Unit programme of work. The research project, developed in collaboration with the Unit Public Contributors Involvement and Engagement group, focuses on what kinds of new care co-ordinator roles are being created, what tasks are delegated to them and the implications for various stakeholders (e.g., colleagues’ workload). Continue reading →

Widening Participation and Apprenticeships in health and social care: Report and Call for Research Participants

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Cat Forward reports from a roundtable event held by the NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce as part of two studies in its current programme of work – on Widening Participation and Apprenticeships. If your NHS Trust or Integrated Care System is interested in taking part in these studies, do get in touch with catherine.forward@kcl.ac.uk. (414 words)

As part of its core programme of work, the Unit hosted a hybrid roundtable event on 2nd April 2025 with 88 online and in-person attendees from NHS trusts, NHS-England, local authorities, academia, public representative bodies and the charity sector. The event titled “Refreshing approaches to Widening Participation and Apprenticeships: The New Agenda?” sought to facilitate discussion about existing Unit work, to share current and best practice in Integrated Care Systems and Trusts, as well as discussing directions future research might take. Continue reading →

In Search of Hidden Healthcare Workforces: NHS Therapists for Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (Part 2)

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Prof Ian Kessler of the NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce is Professor of Public Policy and Management at King’s Business School. He introduces a new report from the Unit, scoping the demand and supply of NHS therapists for Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities.

This, the second of two blogs, focuses on the supply of, while the first addressed the demand for, therapists for children and young people with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities.

The Supply Side

Commissioning. While the capacity to address this increased demand rests in large part on the scale, structure, and capabilities of the therapy and, as already implied, the wider health and care workforce, the commissioning process for CPY with SEND, is pivotal. Commissioning determines the services available and at what level of resource, inevitably feeding through to determine the workforce required to provide them: to put it crudely, if a service is not commissioned, a workforce is not required. The close connection between service design and the workforce is apparent from various ‘good practice’ commissioning models [1]. These typically distinguish different levels of services linked to the nature of need and support, with implications for the requisite workforce: for example, accessible universal services delivered by a wider workforce; targeted services provided by registered therapists and their support co-workers; and specialist services the exclusive preserve of the registered therapist. Continue reading →

In Search of Hidden Healthcare Workforces: NHS Therapists for Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (Part 1)

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Prof Ian Kessler of the NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce is Professor of Public Policy and Management at King’s Business School. He introduces a new report from the Unit, scoping the demand and supply of NHS therapists for Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities.

This, the first of two blogs, focuses on the demand for, while the second discusses the supply of, therapists for Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities.

Context

The workforce delivering care and support for children and young people (CYP) with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) is an elusive one. In part this elusiveness stems from the diffuse and fragmented nature of the workforce as CYP with SEND typically engage with a variety of services- education, health, social care and sometimes housing. Even drilling down into these discrete service segments, tying the SEND workforce down in terms of its size, skill mix, and capacity remains challenging. Take health as an example. CYP with SEND will have a range of developmental, physical, and mental health care needs, addressed by a variety of staff groups to be found in different clinical settings including: nursing in both community, acute and mental health settings, clinical consultants in a similar range of settings, GPs in primary care, and healthcare visitors in the community. Adding to the challenges is the fact that those in any one of these staff groups will have clients which include but are rarely limited to CYP with SEND. With policies often framed by and centred on ‘children and young people with SEND’ as the named client group [1], the hidden nature of the workforce caring for and supporting them becomes a real challenge in meaningfully delivering on the policy initiative. Continue reading →

In Pursuit of Ethically Sustainable Approaches to International Nurse Recruitment

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Prof Ian Kessler of the NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce is Professor of Public Policy and Management at King’s Business School. He introduces a new evaluation from the Unit: International Nurse Recruitment and the Use of Memoranda of Understanding: The Kenya and Nepal Pilots. (1,447 words)

With rising health and care needs as national care systems seek to cope with aging populations, the growing incidence of chronic conditions, and the shock of the Covid pandemic, there has been increasing pressure on the global supply of healthcare workers. Traditionally drawing upon overseas staff, this raises new and important questions for the NHS about how such employees are accessed and managed. The recent NHS England’s Long Term Workplace Plan, 2023, for example, cautions against an over reliance on any specific source of labour. More profoundly, the pressure on the supply of overseas healthcare workers prompts renewed concerns about the ethics of international recruitment as a practice.

Earth seen from space

There has been longstanding debate on the ethics of overseas recruitment by the NHS and other high income countries. This is reflected in international attempts to regulate the practice through, for example, the World Health Organisation Global Code, 2010, designed to ‘establish the ethical international recruitment of health personnel, accounting for the rights, obligations and expectations of source countries, destination countries and migrant health personnel.’ Debate on the ethics of the process has deepened with the new labour supply side pressures, and in response, government-to-government, or bilateral, agreements, whether in the form of Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) or tighter, more formal treaties, have emerged as a potential vehicle for addressing ethical concerns. Continue reading →

Occupational Health and Wellbeing (OHWB) and the Health and Social Care Workforce

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Antonina SemkinaDr Antonina Semkina is Research Associate at the NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce, King’s College London. (613 words)

Unit researchers Antonina Semkina and Caroline Norrie attended the annual Health and Wellbeing at Work Conference that took place in Birmingham National Exhibition Centre on 12-13 March, 2024. The conference featured 13 themes, including Future of Work; Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion; Health and Conditions; and Culture, Values and Engagement, among others. There were 100+ exhibitors representing Occupational Health providers, NHS and social care organisations, consultancies, training agencies, and charities.

Caroline and Antonina recently published the final report from their NIHR-funded study “Exploring the awareness and attractiveness of Occupational Health (OH) careers: perspectives of trainee doctors, nurses, OH trainees, OH career leavers” so they particularly enjoyed the opportunity to connect with and hear presentations from policy makers, researchers, practitioners, and providers in the field of OH. Continue reading →

The NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce Programme of Work: The Next Five Years

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Prof Ian Kessler of the NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce introduces the Unit’s programme of work commencing this year under the 2024-28 award from the NIHR Policy Research Programme.

In the context of ongoing challenges to the recruitment, retention, and motivation of around three million staff employed in health and social care, the NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce in the Policy Institute at King’s College London (KCL) has announced its programme of work as it sets out on its next five years (2024-28).

Developed in consultation with the Department of Health and Social Care, this programme is sensitive to the importance of workforce organisation and management to the delivery of high quality services as the health and care needs of the population change, and as technological and medical advances provide new opportunities to address such needs. The Programme has been framed by key policy initiatives, for example, the NHS England Long Term Workforce Plan (2023) and the DHSC White Paper People at the Heart of Care: Adult Social Care Reform (2021). It comprises the following seven related but discrete projects, with their Principal Investigators (PI):

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What are the experiences, motivations and plans of Health and Care Visa holders and their dependants?

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Kalpa KharichaDr Kalpa Kharicha is Senior Research Fellow at the NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce in the Policy Institute at King’s College London. She leads the Unit’s work on the Health and Care Visa, the report from Phase of 1 of which was published in October 2023. (679 words)

Internationally recruited care workers made the biggest contribution to reducing vacancies in frontline adult social care in England during 2022-3; 70,000 people came to the UK to work in a direct social care role. During this time the number of domestic recruits to care work fell. Vacancies in social care are currently at 152,000.

The increase in international care workers follows changes to government immigration policy in recent years. In particular, the addition of ‘Senior care workers’ and ‘Care workers’ to the shortage occupation list (on 27 January 2021 and 15 February 2022, respectively) allows people from other countries to apply for these jobs, with a licensed UK employer and if eligible for a Health and Care Visa.

Recent announcements on immigration policy mean that from early 2024 (exact date to be confirmed at time of writing), Health and Care Visa holders arriving in the UK after that time will no longer be able to bring their dependants with them Health and Care Visa holders who are already in the UK can bring dependants whilst on their current visa.

As part of our recent research to understand the impact of the Health and Care visa system on the adult social care workforce in England, we spoke to 29 internationally recruited care workers and dependants, as well as 22 social care providers, 8 brokerage agencies and 15 sector skills experts, who shared their views and experiences with us. Continue reading →