{"id":101,"date":"2018-08-03T11:17:56","date_gmt":"2018-08-03T11:17:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/?page_id=101"},"modified":"2019-08-05T11:16:37","modified_gmt":"2019-08-05T11:16:37","slug":"writing-for-external-audiences","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/authentic-and-complex-tasks\/writing-for-external-audiences\/","title":{"rendered":"Creating output for External Audiences"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>What is it?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Established forms of assessment such as exams and essays can focus students&#8217; energies on producing work for the approval of one or two assessors.\u00a0Although essay writing and oral presentations in particular assess criticality, argument construction and all kinds of crucial writing skills, <strong>writing for assessors can interfere with the understanding that writing\u00a0and presentations\u00a0in the real world\u00a0are\u00a0almost always conducted with an audience in mind.<\/strong> The \u2018student essay\u2019 is a genre in itself, and not a widely applicable or authentic one (Hyland, 2003), but this can\u00a0often\u00a0be\u00a0the only writing many students come into contact with. This can be a missed opportunity for developing skills and sensitivities with wider relevance.\u00a0Supplementing (or even replacing in some disciplines) essays for inquiry which leads to outputs for an audience beyond the university helps foster these skills and sensitivities and can stimulate engagement with academic work which students\u00a0feel is more connected to\u00a0a real-world context. The audience can be real or imagined, and needs to be carefully conceptualised.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Why would I use it?<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>When students adopt a different point of view to rework concepts for their audience, they engage deeply with those concepts beyond simply reproducing them.<\/li>\n<li>Having a wider audience facilitates\u00a0the different purposes of academic communication (funding, lobbying, awareness raising,\u00a0etc) and different ways of communicating common to disciplines. This \u2018research-enhanced learning\u2019 a crucial aspect of King\u2019s Education Strategy and Curriculum 2029.<\/li>\n<li>It can increase motivation\u00a0and genuine engagement with an assignment<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1050651908324381\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00a0(Ward, 2009)<\/a>, especially amongst students who struggle with the genre of traditional academic essays.\u00a0\u00a0Research on younger students has shown the quality of work is\u00a0also\u00a0higher when there is an external audience in mind\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED559568\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">(Block, 2013)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>It mirrors skills that employers in all sectors look for, especially\u00a0in regards to social media and online communication. Having experience of different\u00a0types\u00a0of writing or communication allows students to discuss examples in interviews.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Known issues:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Students, particularly first years or those from different educational cultures, who are more familiar with exams or traditional essays,\u00a0may be initially challenged by different types of writing, or it may confront their expectations of what they consider \u2018academic\u2019.<\/li>\n<li>Students whose first language is not English may struggle with these assignments as they require a knowledge and flexibility with the language, including colloquialisms,\u00a0which\u00a0they may not be familiar with.\u00a0Opportunities for practice and exemplars should be provided.\u00a0Group work can help to alleviate this.<\/li>\n<li>Making students\u2019 work public online with blogs and social media needs to be carefully considered in the age of GDPR.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>How has it been used?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>The range of audiences and genres of communication is almost limitless; the focus is led by the discipline and learning outcomes of the programme and module. Some common examples include:<\/p>\n<p><strong>A.<\/strong> Projects,\u00a0business reports\u00a0or case studies for a company, organisation or health partner (written or spoken);<\/p>\n<p><strong>B.<\/strong> Policy papers\u00a0and legal briefs<\/p>\n<p><strong>C.<\/strong> Critical reviews of journal articles\u00a0or conference papers;<\/p>\n<p>D. Writing a review of an event or performance for a magazine, website, or social media;<\/p>\n<p><b><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/opportunities-for-low-stakes-practice\/collaborative-writing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">E. Blogging,<\/a>\u00a0<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/authentic-and-complex-tasks\/podcasts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><b>podcasting<\/b>\u00a0<\/a>or producing documentary films;<\/p>\n<p><strong>F.<\/strong> Twitter conferences;<\/p>\n<p><strong>G.<\/strong> Writing a research report\u00a0or a journalistic piece for\u00a0such as <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/uk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a>;<\/p>\n<p><strong>H.<\/strong> Creating an edited book or journal (or a series of abstracts)<\/p>\n<p><strong>I.<\/strong> Creating a student-led exhibition or conference;<\/p>\n<p><strong>J.<\/strong> Pitching an idea, invention or project for \u2018funding\u2019 in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Xw-Jp8tq9tI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dragon\u2019s Den<\/a> type scenario;<\/p>\n<p><strong>K.<\/strong> Performances of dance, music, art shows, etc.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/ucl-press\/browse-books\/a-connected-curriculum-for-higher-education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fung (2017)<\/a> describes a number of assignment frameworks for writing an external audience can take:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Students are given a task and an\u00a0imagined\u00a0audience;<\/li>\n<li>Students\u00a0are given a real audience\u00a0(written, spoken or online)\u00a0as part of a larger project;<\/li>\n<li>Students\u00a0choose their own\u00a0task and\u00a0audience\u00a0(either real or imagined).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The structure of the\u00a0module\/programme and other\u00a0more pragmatic\u00a0constraints will\u00a0dictate\u00a0the best approach.<\/p>\n<p>Here are two case studies taken from Chapter 7 of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/ucl-press\/browse-books\/a-connected-curriculum-for-higher-education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fung (2017)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/files\/2018\/08\/Making-History.pdf\">Engaging the public through digital outputs in History<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/files\/2018\/08\/business.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Business report for an external audience<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/mediacentral.ucl.ac.uk\/Play\/9921\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this video students and assessors discuss the benefits of work with an audience in mind<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See the<strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/2018\/09\/17\/writing-for-an-external-audience-in-comparative-literature\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">case study from Comparative Literature<\/a> at King&#8217;s<\/strong> on writing a review for a magazine audience.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/authentic-and-complex-tasks\/writing-for-external-audiences\/how-can-i-use-writing-for-external-audiences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">How can I use external audience-based assessment?<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>What is it?\u00a0 Established forms of assessment such as exams and essays can focus students&#8217; energies on producing work for the approval of one or <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/authentic-and-complex-tasks\/writing-for-external-audiences\/\" title=\"Creating output for External Audiences\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":384,"featured_media":0,"parent":40,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-101","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/101","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/384"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/101\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1181,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/101\/revisions\/1181"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kcl.ac.uk\/aflkings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}